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We make promises throughout life; sometimes we focus on major promises, such as marriage counseling vows or in extraordinary situations where much is at stake. Other times, our promises are small; we may promise to perform some errand or to keep our word about providing an object to someone else. The theme of breaking promises and the capacity for a host of emotional difficulties to arise for both parties in the wake of such circumstances has been examined by many fields over time, but the theme has recently received special attention from one researcher who has revealed some interesting information on how we behave in relation to our promises.

Manuela Vieth, who conducted her study with support from the NWO Division for the Social Sciences, focused her inquiry on the way in which we perceive people based on their actions and words in regards to making and keeping promises. Through a series of interactions between pairs of unacquainted people, her research tested the limits of trustworthiness with a basic rewards and punishments scheme usable by both parties, based on a simple income making model that allotted money to subjects depending on their choices. The research suggested that we perceive people who make promises to be more trustworthy, and that this reaction is even stronger than the positive response to promises that are kept.

However, the research also indicated that people can be expected to seek revenge for promises that are broken. For mental health professionals, this research has strong implications in the building of trust and openness for therapist / client sessions, and can also shed light on the reactions of clients to their families and peers when promises are involved. While giving your word can be a tempting action that does not demand too much immediate thought, carefully considering how we frame our promises and how other people may react can lead to more positive experiences.

Okay, get ready for the great news! I’m ready to share with you some of the most amazing workout lower abs ever. I’ll also throw in an exact description so you can perform each technique the right way. Here they are, from easiest to hardest:

Low Ball Pull In - Begin in a push up position with your feet on a Swiss Ball. Don’t allow your hips sag. Pull your knees in directly towards your chest while maintaining a neutral spine. Pull in your abs. Straighten your legs until they are straight and in the original position. Repeat.

Hanging Knee Raise - Hold a chin up bar with the overhand grip. Beginning movement with your abs, lift your knees up until they are just about resting against your chest. Return until your waist, hips, and knees are extended and straight. Repeat for the standard number of reps.

Rocky Abs- Lay on your back on a bench. Reach over your head and grab onto the underside of the bench to steady yourself. Lift your legs up until your hips (and legs) are at a ninety degree angle with your trunk. Now raise your hips straight up, bringing your feet towards the ceiling.

At this point, the only section of your body that should be on the bench are your head, shoulders and UPPER back. This is the starting position. Now bring down your legs until they are parallel to the floor, while keeping your hips up and off the bench. Return them to starting position and repeat.

There you have it! These 3 workout for lower abs exercises are a few of my favorites. I must inform you that they are not easy movements. They will require hard work. But I promise that the hard work will pay off and you will soon be on your way to the perfect six pack abs!

Beauty and Utility

The highly decorative flowering crabapples are choice trees for the purpose in attracting flying wildlife. Those with the smaller fruits seem to be more favored by the birds. First to be eaten will be the abundant, beautiful scarlet fruits of the Sargent Crabapple (Malus sargenti), lowest growing of the family (up to 8 feet) but wide spreading. By winter the fruits of Malus floribunda will be taken, while those on Malus seiboldi will provide late-winter food.

The European Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia), or Rowan Tree as it is known abroad, produces spectacular clusters of orange fruits that are as delectable to Waxwings, Robins, and other birds, as the foliage, unfortunately, is to Japanese beetles. The native Mountain Ash (S. americana) is equally interesting to the birds but poorer in form and more difficult to purchase.

The hawthorns, too, are widely used ornamentals which produce abundant, colorful food. English Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) is perhaps the best of half a dozen fine bird-attracting varieties. Cockspur Thorn (C. crus-galli), Washington Hawthorn (C. phaenopyrum), and Arnold Hawthorn (C. arnoldiana) are among the most widely planted for this purpose. All of these hawthorns require full sun, and well-drained soil.

Popular Dogwoods

Popular with man and bird alike is the lovely Flowering Dogwood, whose showy red fruits are eaten by no less than 93 species.

Of the shrub Dogwoods, we have found that the migrating Thrushes prefer the blue berries of the Silky Cornel (Cornus amomum). Generally they are all eaten by mid-October. Gray Dogwood (C. paniculata) and Redosier (C. stolonifera) also give excellent results.

Evergreens like the aglaonema chinese evergreen add much to the garden year round beauty and to its success in attracting birds. Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is among the best. Unfortunately it is an alternate host for the cedar-apple rust and should not be planted in the vicinity of apple orchards. Elsewhere it serves a triple purpose: excellent cover, fine nesting sites, and choice winter food. The blue-gray fruits are eaten by more than a score of birds. Both staminate and pistillate trees must be present to produce fruit. This is also necessary to produce berries on the showy American Holly (llex opaca), and Black Alder or Winterberry (I. verticillata), both favorites of many birds. Ordinarily, the latter holds its fruits into mid-winter, as its name suggests. This past year, though, we watched flocks of Robins and Bluebirds completely strip several heavily laden bushes by early November, though the majority of the plants like the chinese evergreen were untouched until later.

For planting around the trees, the suburban gardener has a wide choice of shrubs, with barberries, blackberries and raspberries, blueberries and huckleberries, buckthorns, chokeberries, cotoneasters, dogwoods, honeysuckles, and viburnums with some evergreens are all highly recommended.

Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and Alder-Buckthorn (R. frangula) reach a height of 15 to 18 feet, and are considered by some authorities to be the most effective of all shrubs in attracting birds. Buckthorn is not recommended, however, in areas where oats are grown because it harbors oat rust.

Perhaps the most popular plants, in the gardeners estimation, are the viburnums. The majority of them are noted for their brightly colored fruits, either at maturity or at some time during ripening. Some are notable, too, for their blossoms or their fall foliage, or both.

Most widely planted is the vigorous growing European Cranberrybush (V. opulus) which closely resembles the native High-bush Cranberry (V. trilobum). Unfortunately, its brilliant red fruits are much tarter than those of V. trilobum which are used in making preserves. The birds evidently find the berries unpalatable until they have frozen and thawed a number of times. In late winter they are greedily eaten, by flocks of wandering Waxwings and by Robins and Bluebirds migrating northward.